Capital accumulation, Essay

Name two types of market failure. Explain why each may cause market outcomes to be inefficient. Externalities and Market Power. Externalaties are byproducts of a product. Exteranlities shtup lead to a failure because buyers and sellers do not consider the side effects, which can lead to imbalance in equilibrium based on a societal standpoint. Market Power occurs when there is a single buyer and seller (or sm every group of them) with the ability to control market wrongs. This can lead to failure because it keeps determines and quantity away from the equilibrium of supply and want. 2.What happens to consumer and producer dissipation when the sale of a good is taxed? How does the change in consumer and producer surplus compare to the tax revenue? When a product is taxed both consumer and producer surplus drop. This change in surplus is gained in tax revenue, but producers imbibe less and consumers get less for their value. 3. How do the elasticities of supply and demand affect th e deadweight loss of a tax? Why does this effect occur? The elasticities of supply and demand affect deadweight loss in that when supply/demand is elastic, then the deadweight loss is high.If the supply/demand is inelastic, then the deadweight loss is small. This occurs because taxes change the behavior of buyers/sellers. If tax change magnitudes price of buyers, they consume less. If tax reduces profit of producers, then they produce less. 4. What does the domestic price that prevails without international trade tell us about a nations comparative advantage? If the domestic price is low, then it says that county can produce that product cheaply, and has a comparative advantage. If it is high, then that country is at a prejudice compared to other countries.What is the difference between the unilateral and multilateral approaches to achieving free trade? Give an example of each. Unilateral approach is when the country reduces trade restrictions on its own. Isolandia removes tariffs on imports. Multilateral approach is when a country reduces it trade restrictions while other countries do the same (through bargaining) Isolandia removes tariffs on imports if Seclusia also removes theirs. 6. Why do economists use real number GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being?Define the GDP deflator. Nominal GDP is GDP (goods and services produced, and their prices) calculated at current prices. Real GDP is GDP calculated at constant prices(goods ands and services produced). We use Real GDP because it reflects changes in production vice changes in prices. The GDP Deflator allows calculating only the prices of goods and services. 7. What is the CPI? Which do you think has a greater effect on the consumer price index a 10 percent increase in the price of chicken, or a 10 percent increase in the price of caviar? Why?Consumer Price Index, is a billhook of the overall cost of goods and services bought by a typical consumer. A 10% increase in chicken will have a greater affect on the CPI because to a greater extent people typically by chicken than those who buy caviar. 8. Describe the three factors that make the consumer price index an fallible measure of the cost of living. Then explain how the GDP deflator differs from the CPI. Substition Bias Consumers substitute towards goods that cost less Introduction of new goods A new product is introduced allowing more than choices.This reduces cost of maintaining same level of economic well being. Unmeasured quality change if a goods quality goes down, but remains at same price then the dollar is worth less than previously. If the quality goes up, and price remains the same, then the dollar is worth more than previously. GDP deflator accounts for goods produced domestically, while CPI accounts for all goods purchased. GDP Deflator also accounts for all currently produced goods, while CPI accounts for a fixed set of goods, that may not take on new goods or include goods that no longer exist. 9.List and describe the determinants of productivity. Physical Capital Quality of tools the worker has better quality, the more production. Human Capital Knowledge and Skills education, experience and training. offend training = better efficiency. Natural Resources Resources made available for input into production. Either renewable or non-renawable. Access to resources reduces costs of importing them but is not necessary. skillful KnowledgeRefers to societies understanding of how the world works. (Human capital refers to recources expended to transmit this understanding to its workers) 10.Explain how a high savings rate can lead to a higher standard of living. What might deter a policymaker from trying to raise the rate of saving? Saving now and consuming less now, allows for investments and ability to consume more in the future. Diminishing returns are what might deter a policy maker raising rate of savings. At a low capital, an extra increase in capital increases productio n. But as you continue to invest capital, the growth of production is at a lesser amount. It continues until a point in where a large increase in capital only gives a minor increase in production.